Flexible electricity grids Report of Work Package 1 EOS - LT project FLEXIBEL

Contents List of tables 5 List of figures 5 Acronyms and abbreviations 6 Samenvatting 7 1. Introduction 11 2. Regulations and markets 13 2.1 Current market structures-centralised-liberalised context 13 2.2 System balancing and power quality 15 2.3 Energy prices-tariff structures 18 3. Functional requirements of grids with distributed generation 21 3.1 Functional requirements for future decentralized networks 21 3.2 Criteria for low voltage distribution networks 21 3.2.1 General design criteria, state of the art [15] 21 4. ICT developments 25 4.1 Introduction 25 4.2 Connectivity 25 4.3 Communication 25 4.4 Hardware 26 4.5 Software 26 4.6 The role of architecture in intelligent electricity networks 26 4.7 Research-level architectures 27 4.8 Applications to be executed using the architecture 30 4.9 From top-down coordination mechanisms in traditional settings to fine-grained control in dispersed, novel grid architectures with a high percentage of DG-RES 30 5. Commercial supply and demand matching concepts for load control and energy storage optimisation 34 5.1 Load control measures 34 5.2 Energy Storage Optimisation 37 5.3 The PowerMatcher 38 6. Mechanisms to improve grid stability 41 6.1 Introduction 41 6.2 Future Grid Structures 41 6.2.1 Definition of the studied grid 41 6.2.2 Assumptions 43 6.2.3 Changes in exchanging power 43 6.3 Future electricity networks and reactive power 44 6.3.1 Bringing reactive power provision and supply into account 44 6.3.2 Voltage control and stability 45 6.3.3 Character of components 45 6.4 Survey of voltage characteristics for low voltage distribution systems 46 6.4.1 Distribution systems 46 6.4.2 Power Quality 46 6.4.3 Grid code 47 6.5 Methodical load categorisation 48 6.5.1 Categorisation of problematic electrical characteristics 49 4 ECN-C-06-017 6.5.2 Principal needs and corresponding electrical functions 51 6.5.3 Appliances and building energy devices 53 6.5.4 Problematic electrical characteristics 56 6.6 Susceptibility of domestic appliances 60 6.6.1 Dips and Harmonics 60 6.6.2 Generation of distortions 60 6.6.3 Transportation of distortions 60 6.6.4 Immunity of equipment 61 6.7 Decision support model 61 6.7.1 Scenarios and probabilities 62 6.7.2 Generate alternative solutions 62 6.7.3 Technical evaluation per solution 62 7. Role of safety, security, reliability and dependability from an ICT point of view 64 7.1 Introduction 64 7.2 Security 65 7.3 Reliability 65 7.4 Dependability 65 References 66 ECN-C-06-017 5 List of tables Table 4.1 Example attributes of appliances for operating the grid 32 Table 6.1 Examples of synchronized electrical disturbances 51 Table 6.2 Assessment of synchronized electrical disturbances influencing the power system 51 Table …